Probability theory forms the mathematical backbone for quantifying uncertainty and random events, providing a rigorous language with which to describe both everyday phenomena and complex scientific ...

Discover how credibility theory helps actuaries use historical data to estimate risks and set insurance premiums; learn how ...

How detection theory and NFL analytics, reveal why College Football Playoff rankings struggle at scale—and why AI should ...

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

Discover how macroeconomics impacts GDP, inflation, and unemployment, and learn how policy decisions shape economic stability ...