1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

Microsoft is killing off an obsolete and vulnerable encryption cipher that Windows has supported by default for 26 years following more than a decade of devastating hacks that exploited it and ...

The mystery serial killer would claim the lives of at least five victims and was in the midst of his protracted cat-and-mouse game with police and the media. He had at that stage attacked two young ...

10th January 2026: We updated our list of working Genshin Impact codes. Like a lot of free-to-play games, Genshin Impact has an in-game currency called Primogems that you'll find yourself quickly ...

Trying to find the newest Rivals codes? This Roblox shooter made by Nosniy Games is all about battling it out in 1v1 to 5v5 matches until one side achieves the five wins needed for victory. All tested ...

January 8, 2026: We checked for new DBD codes, and validated those already on our list. What are the latest DBD codes? These freebie-granting DBD rewards can reward you with anything from a few bonus ...

January 8, 2026: We checked for new Warframe codes and verified our current list. What are the new Warframe codes? If you're on the hunt for free glyphs and cosmetics, you're in luck - we've got a ...

Looking for the latest Titan Tower Defense codes? This long-running Roblox TDS game has been consistently updated for years, with codes that give you cash to purchase new units. In this guide, we’ll ...

The Caesar Act was imposed in 2019 in response to widespread and systematic violations of human rights by the regime of former dictator Bashar al-Assad. By Abdi Latif Dahir and Reham Mourshed ...

7th January 2026: We checked for new Robox promo codes. Roblox codes are typically a source of fun cosmetics for your character. If you want to make your avatar stand out with a new t-shirt, hat, ...